e-healthinfo

Epidemiology, surveillance and control of Nipah virus infections in Malaysia The outbreak of Nipah virus, affecting pigs and pig-farm workers, was first noted in September 1998 in the north-western part of peninsular Malaysia. By March 1999, the outbreak had spread to other pig-farming areas of the country, inclusive of the neighbouring country, Singapore. A total of 283 human cases of viral encephalitis with 109 deaths were recorded in Malaysia from 29 September 1998 to December 1999. During the outbreak period, a number of surveillances under three broad groups; Surveillance in Human Health Sector, Surveillance in Animal Health Sector, and Surveillance for the Reservoir Hosts, were carried out to determine the prevalence, risk of virus infections and transmission in human and swine populations as well as the source and reservoir hosts of Nipah virus. Surveillance data showed that the virus spread rapidly among pigs within infected farms and transmission was attributed to direct co...

Unicellular organism                                                                                    1.Body is made up of single cell 2.Division of labour is at the organelle level. It gives a low level of operational efficiency. 3.  A single cell carries out all the life processes 4.The cell body is exposed to the environment on all sides 5 . An  injury of the cells can cause death of the organism. 6.A cell body cannot attain a large size because of the limit imposed by surface area to volume ratio 7.Lifespan is short due to heavy load of work. 8.Power of divisi...

What is Fragmentation? Fragmentation is the process of breaking  off a piece of organism followed by mitosis cell division. Meiosis is  not involved in this process as it is a mode of asexual reproduction.  The broken part can develop into an independent adult. Reproduction of  sea anemones, star fishes, and flatworms are well-known examples for  fragmentation. Fragmentation process is limited to  invertebrates, and it is absent in vertebrates. This is very common  among cyanobacteria, molds, lichens, many plants and animals like  sponges, flatworms and sea stars. The ability of fragmentation depends  on the complexity of the organism. It may or may not be intentional and  may occur naturally or by predators. Most of the time, after the  splitting occurs, both fragments are capable of regenerating into  complete individuals. What is Regeneration? Regeneration is a modified form of  fragmentation. It is kno...

Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic virus (a virus transmitted to humans from animals). In infected people, Nipah virus causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic (subclinical) infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. NiV can also cause severe disease in animals such as pigs, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers. Nipah virus is closely related to Hendra virus. Both are members of the genus Henipavirus, a new class of virus in the Paramyxoviridaefamily. Although Nipah virus has caused only a few outbreaks, it infects a wide range of animals and causes severe disease and death in people, making it a public health concern. Past Outbreaks Nipah virus was first recognized in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers in Kampung Sungai Nipah, Malaysia. No new outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia and Singapore since 1999.  NiV was first recognized in Bangladesh in 2001 and nearly annual outbreaks have occurred in that count...

# The respiration process, which uses oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor, is called  aerobic respiration and while in anaerobic respiration terminal electron acceptor is not oxygen. # Anaerobic respiration refers to the special type of respiration, which can take place without oxygen.   Anaerobic respiration is the oldest form of cellular respiration that is carried out by single celled organisms, especially in anoxic environments such as riverbeds, lake mud, bio-gas plants etc. # It is a process of oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen, which results in the production of energy in the form of ATP. This process is relatively less energy yielding than the aerobic respiration process like for example in alcoholic fermentation or the anaerobic respiration two molecules of ATP are produced for each glucose. # Bacterial anaerobic respiration is one of the most ancient and essential metabolism processes, which have characteristics of both  flexibility ...

A nutrient is a element or chemical substances that nourishes or promotes growth and repairs the natural damage of organic life. Organic and Inorganic compounds are included as nutritional requirements. Organic nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds such as dietary minerals, water and oxygen etc. Nutritional requirements: * The biomass of microorganisms can be measured by determining the fresh weight or the dry weight, the fresh weight contains about 80-90 % water and remaining is dry matter.The dry matter  is composed of 50% proteins, 10-20% cell wall materials, 10% lipids, 10-20% RNA, 3-4 % DNA. * Microbial nutrients are further classified as Macro Nutrients and Micro Nutrients depending upon the amount required. Macro Nutrients ( C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe) :- #  There are 10 macro nutrients present, because they are required by micro organisms in relatively large      ...